Reuse
Of Archaeological Data In Housing Area Design: From Pergamon To Bergama
Mehmet
TUNÇER, Sibel ÖZTURK
Affiliation:
Urban and Regional Planner, Prof. Dr., Çankaya University, City and Regional Planning Dep.
Urban
and Regional Planner, MSGSU, City and
Regional Planning Dep., Msc in Urban
Design Program.
e-mail: mtuncer@cankaya.edu.tr,
sibel_oztrk@windowslive.com
Figure 1: Zeus
Altar In Pergamon Acropolis (Reconstructed view of the Pergamon
Acropolis, Friedrich
Thierch, 1882)
Urban
and archaeological sites of Pergamon the ancient city today in Bergama, which
is over two thousand years old, where scientists, archaeologists, architects,
art historians, urban planners, sculptors and similar arts and culture, men
talk about admiration, write about and write praises, but unfortunatelly face
to face some detoriation and destruction. Bergama, which has been in operation
since 2010, has entered the list as a "Multilayered Cultural Landscape
Area". At the end, “Pergamon (Bergama) Antique City And Its Multi-Layered
Cultural Landscape” entered the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014.
In
the Bergama archaeological site, besides the monumental structures in the
Acropolis, a small number of housing areas were excavated. With the data
obtained as a result of these excavations, information about the plan of the ancient
city has emerged. It is known that the ancient city of Bergama had a grid plan,
and the housing pattern was similar to today's buildings, with facades from the
street, with or without atriums.
Although
the housing pattern of Hellenistic, Roman and Ottoman periods showed
significant changes, it has been assumed in terms of cultural continuity that
there was not much change in the housing architecture and construction style,
especially in Rum type houses. In this paper, it is aimed to develop urban
design and architectural principles in the light of the data from ancient times
to the present by considering a residential area planning, urban design and architectural
design principles developed for Bergama.
Keywords:
Pergamon; Archaeology; Urban Design; Architecture; House.
Aims
Of The Paper
The
main purpose of this paper; we will be explain and summarize of urban macroform
and urban design principles of housing in Pergamon. In the paper its aimed to
give the urban design principles of Antique City of Pergamon and reuse the
urban macroform and urban design principles as derived from archaeological
excavations. Apart from the Pergamon Acropolis, its well known from the
archaeological excavations the middle and lower city was developed with a grid
plan.
Figure 2: Lower City Was Developed With A Grid Plan (Radt, W.)
Grid
texture and residential building architecture examples unearthed in
archaeological excavations in these areas will be discussed. In the paper we
will use and evaluate the Urban Design Project prepared by one of the author.
Focus area for the urban and housing design in the North, Mustafa Yazıcı
Street, Kayhan Street; Kaymakam Kemal Bey Street in the West and in the west Adnan
Menderes boulevard are chosen. Also we will use Antique Period housing
architectural assets which excavated at located on a street leading down from
the acropolis, the so-called Hall of Benches (Podiensaal) is a rectangular
banqueting room measuring 24 m x 11 m (in its final stage).
Figure 3: A 3-D Reconstruction Of Ancient Pergamon, Showing The
Monumental Construction On High And The Sprawling City Below (DAI-Pergamongrabung
– BTU-Cottbus – Darstellungslehre)
The
reconstruction was developed by the Chair of Design, Building Theory and
Interior Design at the BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg in cooperation with the German
Archaeological Institute (DAI).
Different
reconstructions, going back to the beginning of the excavations in Pergamon,
are at display, resurrecting the ruins of the ancient city. The reconstructions
help to gain a better understanding for antique architecture and its
relationship to manmade living spaces and natural areas.
1 Urban Fabric, Housing And Some
Important Buildings Due To The Pergamon Excavations
In
the Early Christian Period, M.S. VI. According to the information given by
Christian writers until the 19th century, there were 3-4 Basilicas and a
Baptistery in Bergama. In the urban fabric, no remains have remained from these
structures, except the Red Court (Serapis Temple). It has been determined that
the Acropolis was used in the Byzantine Period.
The Byzantine fortifications, some of which have
survived to the present day, are located between the Hellenistic and Roman
Period fortifications. The ceramic finds dating back to the 16th century and
the traces of the Church show that the Acropolis was densely populated during
the Byzantine period. It is interesting that no archaeological information has
been found in the parts of the city, except for the Church built inside the Red
Court.
Architectural data have been encountered in the urban
fabric of Bergama since the 19th century. With the excavations that started in
the 16th century, rich cultural data of the ancient period began to be
revealed.
Figure 4 : Carl Von Humann's Bergama Plan (At The End Of The 19th
Century)
Located on the northern slopes of Bergama, the
"Urban Protected Area" is bordered by the skirts of the Acropolis in
the north and Uçkemer stream in the south. The area, which has been settled
since the Late Byzantine Period (XIV. century), is a section where examples of Hellenistic,
Byzantine and Ottoman-Turkish civil architecture are concentrated.
Figure 5: Housing Excavation Areas – 1/2000 (Digitale Karte von Pergamon
1.1 (DAI 2020)
(https://www.dainst.blog/transpergmikro/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2020/12/Digitale-Karte-von-Pergamon-1.1_1-5000_german.pdf)
1.1 Antique Period Housing Remains From Archaeological
Excavations
Generally, most of the Hellenistic houses at Pergamon were laid out with
a small, centrally-located and roughly square courtyard, with rooms on one or
two sides of it. The main rooms are often stacked in two levels on the north
side of the courtyard. A wide passage or colonnade on the north side of the
courtyard often opened onto foyers, which enabled access to other rooms. An
exact north-south arrangement of the city blocks was not possible because of
the topographical situation and earlier construction.
Thus the size and arrangement of the rooms differed from house to house.
From the time of Philetairos, at the latest, this kind of courtyard house was
common and it was ever more widespread as time went on, but not universal. Some
complexes were designed as Prostas houses, similar to designs seen at Priene.
Others had wide columned halls in front of main rooms to the north.
Especially in this latter type there is often a second story accessed by
stairways. In the courtyards there were often cisterns, which captured rain
water from the sloping roofs above. For the construction under Eumenes II, a
city block of 35 x 45 m can be reconstructed, subject to significant variation
as a result of the terrain. (Radt, W., 1999, pp.93)
We will use Antique Period housing architectural assets which excavated
at located on a street leading down from the acropolis, the so-called Hall of
Benches (Podiensaal) is a rectangular banqueting room measuring 24 m x 11 m (in
its final stage).
Description: Located on a street leading down from the acropolis, the
so-called Hall of Benches (Podiensaal) is a rectangular banqueting room
measuring 24 m x 11 m (in its final stage). This was within a transformed
peristyle house that was built in the second century BCE. The building is oriented with the long side
running east-west along the street, although it is set back behind a row of
shops and workshops.
A small alley led through to the paved yard in front of the building.
Across from the doorway is a cult niche and together these divide the interior
into two banqueting rooms with three benches each (triclinia). Each of the rooms consisted of a raised
podium, or bench, 1 m high and 2 m wide, with a marble shelf set slightly lower
in order to accommodate food and drink.
For a detailed description of the building phases, see Schwarzer 2002.
Figure 6 : Located On A Street Leading Down From The Acropolis, The
So-Called Hall Of Benches (Podiensaal) Is A Rectangular Banqueting Room (http://philipharland.com/greco-roman-associations/building-b6-hall-of-benches-of-the-dionysiac-cowherds-ii-iv-ce/)
We will use antique period housing architectural and environmental assets
which excavated at located on a street leading down from the acropolis, the
so-called hall of benches (podiensaal) is a rectangular banqueting room
measuring 24 m x 11 m (in its final stage).
Located on a street leading down from the acropolis, this was within a
transformed peristyle house that was built in the second century BC. The building is oriented with the long side
running east-west along the street, although it is set back behind a row of
shops and workshops. A small alley led
through to the paved yard in front of the building. Across from the doorway is
a cult niche and together these divide the interior into two banqueting rooms
with three benches each (triclinia).
Each of the rooms consisted of
a raised podium, or bench,
1 m high and 2 m wide, with a marble shelf set slightly lower in order to
accommodate food and drink. (For A
Detailed Description Of The Building Phases, See Schwarzer 2002.)
Figure 7: Reconstruction (1:250) Of Phases 3-5 (Ca. 1-225 Ce) Of The
Converted Peristyle House (Schwarzer 2008, 70 (Figure 22). (http://philipharland.com/greco-roman-associations/building-b6-hall-of-benches-of-the-dionysiac-cowherds-ii-iv-ce/)
Peristyle house type is a rectangular open-top courtyard surrounded by
colonnaded corridors in peristyle ancient architecture. The peristyle, which
showed itself in Greek architecture in the 5th century BC, was also taken over
by Roman architecture from the 2nd century BC.
Figure 8-9: Plan And Axonometric Drawing Of The Peristyle House (1:250)
In Phase 4 (Ca. 100-150 Ce) With The Hall Of Benches (Podiensaal) Seen At The
Top. (Schwarzer 2008, 62)
The evidence for Late Byzantine domestic architecture is similarly
limited. The excavations at Pergamon provide some sense of a neighborhood
development.
Figure 10 : Reconstruction of a Byzantine neighborhood, Pergamon (© Klaus
Rheidt)
Here the houses consist of several rooms, often with a portico, arranged around a courtyard set off the irregular
pattern of alleys and cul-de-sacs. Similar house forms have been noted in
other urban situations, with the focus of the house away from the street.
2 Pergamon
(Bergama) Houses: From Ancient To Contemporary
They are structures born from the climate,
environmental and economic conditions of the Aegean Region. Since the main
material of the buildings is stone, it has the feature of being cool in summers
and warm in winters. The load-bearing walls of the buildings are mostly rough
cut.
It is made of stone mesh and the binding material is
lime mortar. The wooden skeleton and the adobe infill walls made with the “bagdadi
system”, which can be seen in some buildings, are mostly located on the second
floors.
Figure 11-12 : From Past Today: Pergamon
(Bergama) Houses (Bergama Municipality, Inventory 450-5/8 Parcels)
In most of the buildings, the non-bearing walls were
built with the wooden bagdadi technique. A few buildings are covered with cut
stone on the outside, and most of them are plastered inside and out. Most of
the buildings have basements. The effects of the region's being in an
earthquake zone can be seen in the construction techniques of the houses.
Especially with thick load-bearing walls, small-sized windows and their locations,
the use of lightening arches was born out of necessity.
Wood material; It is used in doors, windows, stairs,
overhangs and flooring, ceiling and roof elements. In addition, "Fer
Forge" type ironwork is common in the region. The consoles with many entrance
doors, window grilles and overhangs are examples of this kind of craftsmanship
and are fine examples of their kind.
On the windows, metal or wooden shutters are
encountered. Again, almost all of these doors and windows have stone lintels,
jambs and are straight or arched.
In a significant part of the buildings, there are
cornice elements instead of eaves. Wooden fringe element is rarely encountered.
The roof form is generally cradle or sitting, and its original cover is Turkish
style tiles. The load-bearing systems of the new buildings in the area were
made with masonry or reinforced concrete construction technique, and brick and
briquette were used as filling materials.
2.2 Traditional Housing Fabric
Streets perpendicular and parallel to the slope are
usually paved with stones, but in places this stone pavement has been covered
with concrete over it. The slope is usually for rain runoff given towards the
middle of the street.
Street widths vary as 3-5-7 meters, vehicle passage is
difficult in places. Dead-end streets are quite common. On both sides of these
streets, masonry structures, mostly one or two storeys, made of cut or rubble
stone, generally in adjacent order, form the texture.
The structures within the urban site reflect the
features that are often referred to as the old "Greek Architecture".
In some places, there are also a few buildings with rough cut stone on the
ground floor and a wooden carrier system on the upper floor, reflecting the
characteristics of the "Ottoman-Turkish" building culture. However,
it should be noted that they are the product of a common culture.
Figure 13-14 : Rum
Type Facades, Pergamon (Bergama) Houses (Bergama Municipality,
Inventory 451 - 43/44 Parcels)
The new structures are; they are generally two-storied,
with their architectural style and generally reinforced concrete construction
system, which are contrary to the historical surrounding housing texture. Stone
structures, which are described as Greek Type, usually have ostentatious doors
with flat or arched stone lintels.
Windows with flat or arched stone lintels have metal
or wooden shutters. Some of these shutters can be counted as examples of metal
art. The basement floor is very common in these houses.
Figure 15-16 : Traditional
Ottoman-Turkish Type Facades, Pergamon (Bergama) Houses (Bergama
Municipality, Inventory 315)
Traditional Turkish Houses, with their wide eaves,
wooden structural structure, overhangs, wooden windows and doors, are located
in the streets, albeit a little. The residences have Turkish style tiled roofs.
In some houses, these roofs have been replaced with Marseille tiles. The walls
are usually plastered and painted in pastel colors such as yellow/blue/pink.
Among the façade decorations, ornaments such as moldings, borders,
inscriptions, and eaves are encountered.
2.3 Traditional Urban Tissue (Buildings-Street
Relationships)
The buildings are usually one- or two-storey
residences with an adjacent arrangement, no garden or a very small garden. It
is reached by dead ends in places and located in the garden. Residences are
also found. However, the buildings with mostly open and street-facing facades
also reflect the social character of the area. The residences are entered
directly from the street or through a courtyard.
Residences in Bergama Historical Urban Texture (Urban
Protected Area) are generally structures that open directly to the street and
have special facades. Doors and windows and under eaves on facades, usually
stone and plaster moldings, lintels and eaves adorned with ornaments.
In some buildings, there is a full basement and a
semi-basement, and the entrance to the building can be accessed by raising the
entrance and through the entrances with stairs.
Apart from the urban protected area, the traditional
texture around the Historical City Center, located in the south of Uçkemer
Stream, also bears the characteristics of the Ottoman-Turkish Urban Texture.
The residences in this region generally have an inward-looking wooden
structural structure with an entrance from a courtyard.
2.4 Plan Typology Of Houses
The majority of the houses that make up the general
texture of the area are houses without a garden in an adjacent layout. On the
other hand, the courtyard element is more common. Buildings can be one or two
storeys. The houses are entered either directly from the street or through the
courtyard. The positions of the houses with respect to the parcel and the
street are the most
It is of four types with its plain form. Street-facing,
garden-less building, the
building with a street front and a courtyard at the back, a building with a front and a courtyard facing the
street, the building located behind
the courtyard facing the street.
The houses in the aforementioned adjacent layout can
be located on the street as twins or in a symmetrical arrangement.
Bergama houses are composed of units that describe all
the life and activities of the period in which they were built. Except for a
few large structures in the area, they are minimally programmed. The structures
are arranged as one or two storeys and with or without a basement.
2.5 House – Parcel Relationships
Considering that the buildings are directly related to
the plan schemes, the subject has been examined in this direction, and it has
been seen that the classification, which is seen as four different types above,
can actually be divided into two main groups in terms of the formation of the
entrance that affects the plan of the building.
Figure 17: House – Parcel Relationships
(Tuncer, M., 2014)
The type with direct access to
the house from the street
a- Type without courtyard
b- The type where the courtyard is behind the
building
The type that can be reached
from the courtyard to the house
a- Side courtyard type
b- Forecourt type
2.6 Plan
Typology
Two main plan schemes:
middle sofa and outer sofa according to this sofa (entrance hall) space.
In two-storey residences, the upper floor plan often coincides with the lower
floor plan.
I- Structures with entrance from the road
I.1. Types with middle sofa
I.2. Types with outer sofa
II- Structures with entrance courtyard
II.1. one storey
II.2. two storey
Figure 18: Plan Typologies Of Houses (A)
(Tuncer, M., 2014)
2.7 Reevaluate The Urban
Design Project
Urban design principles were determined in the light
of urban macroform features obtained from archaeological excavations in the
Ancient City of Bergama. It is aimed to reuse the design principles determined
in this study.
This study reevaluated the
plans and projects prepared to Dokuz Eylul University, City and Region Planning
Department 2013-14, Urban Design Study in İzmir-Bergama (80 Ha.) and (45 Ha)
implementation Zoning plan-Settlement plan CRP 312 Planning Studio. Focus area
for the urban and housing design in the North, Mustafa Yazıcı Street, Kayhan
Street; Kaymakam Kemal Bey Street in the West and in the west Adnan Menderes
boulevard are chosen.
Figure 19-20 : Area Of Study In Today And Antiquity
Grid plan typology is the basic planning decision of
planning. The grid plan of the ancient Pergamon settlement was taken into
account while making this decision. Housing islands here are generally adjacent
structures and buildings with entrances from the street. Architectural typologies suitable and compatible with
the building typologies unearthed during the excavations and the ottoman and
contemporary building typologies will be developed on a larger scale. For this, a specific new building architectural
typology regulation should be developed.
Figure 21 : Implementation Zoning
Plan (Planning and Urban Design: Ozturk, S., 2013)
Figure 22: Settlement Plan (Planning
and Urban Design: Ozturk, S., 2013)
Central business area is reserved for management,
tourism, social, cultural and commercial structures and social infrastructure
areas in the implementation plan. Commercial
+ housing areas, ground floors will be used as commercial in the first
buildings with front face to the road in these areas. Housing
areas, these are residence zones that will be conserved, improved and healized
according to the building density (medium and low) determined in the
implemention plan.
Parks (resting areas) areas, that respond to the needs
of recreation of the city lives with green vegetation. Recreational areas,
these areas are the areas where urban people can have fun, rest, and make
sports activities daily. Urban social infrastructure areas, education, health,
cultural, religious etc. These are areas where social facilities will be
placed.
Figure
23-24 : Function Diagram And Road System (Planning
and Urban Design: Ozturk, S., 2013)
In function diagram and road system, 4-meter pavements
have been proposed on the boulevards surrounding the study area. The 10-meter
pedestrian walkway, which is proposed for the pedestrian to move freely in the
area, connects the central business area and residential areas.
Figure 25: Number Of Floor Zone Analysis (Planning
and Urban Design: Ozturk, S., 2013)
In number
of floor zone analysis, two and 3 floor building heights are recommended on the
area because of the archaelogical excavation datas.
3
Results Of The Paper: “No Culture Ever Dies, It Is Always Handed Down From
Generation To Generation!”
In ancient Pergamon it is known that grid
island designs, use of water and greens were mainly use in the Pergamon city.
Colonaded streets, shade and wind directions, climatically adaptive housing
areas and architecture were mainly used. All of these housing areas urban
design principles have been prepared in the south section in Pergamon (Bergama)
as will be a sample of for the future designs.
Principles regarding the urban design of
housing area in ancient times will be derived from the archaeological excavations
and surveys. It will be useful for the new urban housing area designs for the
future new housing expansions of Bergama. Grid
plan typology is the basic planning decision of planning. The grid plan of the
ancient Pergamon settlement was taken into account while making this decision.
Housing islands here are generally adjacent structures and buildings with
entrances from the street. however, architectural typologies suitable and
compatible with the building typologies unearthed during the excavations and
the Ottoman and contemporary building typologies will be developed on a larger
scale. for this, a specific new building architectural typology regulation
should be developed.
Principles regarding the urban design of
housing area in ancient times will be derived from the archaeological excavations
and surveys. It will be useful for the new urban housing area designs for the
future housing expansıons of Bergama. Architectural research should be
continued and the information obtained from archaeological excavations should
be evaluated and transferred to new designs. This kind of work is pioneer and can be
developed according to the data to be revealed in the excavations. There are many ancient cities in the country,
and this can be developing a repeatable method for the future.
References:
Ozturk, S., 2013-14, Urban Design Study in İzmir-Bergama
(80 Ha.) and (45 Ha) implementation Zoning plan-settlement plan, Dokuz Eylul
University, CRP Department, CRP3112 Planning Studio.
Radt, W., 2002,”Pergamon Antik Bir Kentin Tarihi Ve
Yapıtları”, Yapı Kredi Yay.
Radt, W., 1999,
“Pergamon: Geschichte und Bauten einer antiken Metropole. Darmstadt .
Tuncer, M., 2007, “Conservation Policies for Cultural
Tourism in the City of Science, Art and Culture, Bergama (Pergamon)”,
International Symposium, Pergamon (Bergama), Netherlands City of Alkmaar,
Netherlands Union of Municipalities (Vng) and Bergama Municipality,
"Universal Cultural Heritage of Humanity: Bergama Project", Within
the Scope of Logo East Program, 2007,
Tuncer, M., 2011, “What Should Be Done to Include Bergama
(Pergamon) on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List”, International Bergama
Symposium, Ege University Izmir Application and Research Center and Bergama
Municipality.
Tuncer, M., 2014, “Tarihi Çevre Yokolurken”; Examples of
Amasra, Bergama, Kaş, Uçhisar", Book, Alter Publishing, Ank.
http://philipharland.com/greco-roman-associations/building-b6-hall-of-benches-of-the-dionysiac-cowherds-ii-iv-ce/
(Access : 10.03.2022)
Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape SITE
MANAGEMENT PLAN 2017-2021,
http://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fkvmgm.ktb.gov.tr%2FEklenti%2F60104%2Cpergamonanditsmulti-layeredlandscapemanagementplanpdf.pdf%3F0&clen=3698108
(Access: 15.03.2022)
https://www.culthernews.de/pergamon-resurrected-new-exhibition-on-the-3d-reconstructions-of-an-antique-city-turkey/
(Access: 18.05.2022)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon#Housing (Access:
19.05.2022)
https://twitter.com/aktuelarkeoloji/status/1376984825689731078
(Access: 19.05.2022)
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/byzantine1/x4b0eb531:late-byzantine/a/late-byzantine-secular-architecture-and-urban-planning
(Access: 19.05.2022)
https://www.meydanmimarlik.com/en/kadi-house/
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